盖茨堡战役(1863年7月1日～7月3日)

Gettysburg, Battle of

美国南北战争中，在宾夕法尼亚州盖茨堡进行的一次战役，这是南北战争的一个转捩点。1863年5月，美利坚邦联南军李将军在维吉尼亚州钱瑟勒斯维尔击败胡克将军之後，企图进一步挫伤北军士气，促使欧洲各国承认美利坚邦联政府。他率75,000名大军北进，命令尤厄尔将军奔赴盖茨堡。但北军在盖茨堡严阵以待。第一天，战斗十分激烈。北军使用新配备的史宾塞卡宾枪，可以连发。第二天，为了夺取几个高地，双方又展开殊死战。到第三天，李将军以15,000人进攻有北军10,000人据守的「坟墓岭」。南军前锋打开缺口，直插山脊，但无法再往前进。他们在进军途中，备受北军炮击。由於三面受敌，南军只得败退，遗下十九面军旗和成百的战俘。7月4日晚南军冒倾盆大雨向维吉尼亚撤退，北军终於赢得关键性的胜利。此役双方损失极大︰北军88,000人中伤亡约23,000；南军75,000人中伤亡20,000以上。

English version：

1863年7月1日～7月3日

Gettysburg, Battle of

Major engagement in the American Civil War at Gettysburg, Pa., regarded as the war's turning point. After defeating Union forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North with 75,000 troops. When he learned that the Union's Army of the Potomac had a new commander, George Meade, he led his own troops to Gettysburg, a strategic crossroads. On the first day of battle, Meade's advance force under John Buford held the site until reinforcements arrived. On the second day, the Confederates attacked Union lines at Little Round Top, Cemetery Hill, Devil's Den, the Wheatfield, and the Peach Orchard. On the third day, Lee sent 15,000 troops to assault Cemetery Ridge, held by 10,000 Union troops under Winfield S Hancock. A Confederate spearhead broke through the Union artillery defense but was stopped by a fierce Union counterattack on three sides. At night under cover of a heavy rain on July 4, Lee led his troops back to Virginia; Meade was later criticized for not pursuing him. Losses totaled about 23,000 casualties among 88,000 Union troops and over 20,000 casualties among 75,000 Confederates.