海顿(1732～1809年)

Haydn, Franz Joseph

奥地利作曲家。原本想当神职人员，但在八岁时就被维也纳圣史蒂芬大教堂选入唱诗班，学习演奏小提琴和键盘乐器。离开唱诗班後，他开始靠教学和演奏小提琴为生，同时艰苦研究对位及和声方面的理论。後来获得梅塔斯塔齐奥的注意，把他引荐给作曲家波尔波拉（1686～1768），他帮波尔波拉处理杂务，波尔波拉则以教他音乐来抵换。海顿开始打入上流社会，1761年成为埃斯泰尔哈吉家族大宫廷里的音乐总监，此後一直为他们工作。在这个艺术发展较为孤立但拥有优越资源的职位上，海顿享受了自由创作实验之乐，也不得不成为原创作曲家。到了晚年，他已是当代国际公认的伟大作曲家。他的重要作品几乎涵盖了所有的音乐体裁，其优雅动人心弦的作品兼具了风趣与严肃、通俗与创新。他是第一个伟大的交响乐作曲家，作有一百零八首交响乐，其中包括最後十二首「伦敦交响曲」（1791～1795）。他是实际发明弦乐四重奏的人，共作有六十八首弦乐四重奏，奠定了四重奏艺术的基础。和唱作品包括十五首弥撒曲和神剧《创世记》（1798）、《四季》（1801）。他也作有四十八首钢琴奏鸣曲，以及一百多首为类似大提琴声的上低音号作的优美曲子。海顿是塑造古典音乐风格的重要人物，他的朋友莫札特和学生贝多芬都深受其影响。

English version：

1732～1809年

Haydn, Franz Joseph

Austrian composer. Intended for the priesthood, he was recruited at 8 to the choir at St. Stephen's Church, Vienna, where he learned violin and keyboard. On leaving the choir, he began supporting himself by teaching and playing violin, while undertaking rigorous study of counterpoint and harmony. He came to the attention of Pietro Metastasio, and through him became factotum to the composer Nicola Porpora (1686-1768) in exchange for lessons. Gaining entrée to high society, in 1761 he became head of the musical establishment at the great palace of the Esterházy family, which would support him for most of his career. In this position of artistic isolation but with excellent resources, Haydn felt free to experiment and was forced to become original. By his late years he was recognized internationally as the greatest living composer. He composed important works in almost every genre, and his elegant and ingratiating works balance wit and seriousness, custom and innovation. The first great symphonist, he composed 108 symphonies, including the popular last 12 “London symphonies” (1791-95); he virtually invented the string quartet, and his 68 quartets remain the foundation of the quartet literature. His choral works include 15 masses and the oratorios [musiccomp]The Creation (1798) and [musiccomp]The Seasons (1801). He also wrote 48 piano sonatas and more than 100 beautiful works for the cello-like baryton. The principal shaper of the Classical style, he exerted major influence on his friend Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his student Ludwig van Beethoven.

参考文章

• 为什么海顿被称为“交响乐之父"美术与音乐