舒伯特(1797～1828年)

Schubert, Franz Peter

奥地利作曲家。他从担任小学教师的父亲那里学习小提琴，从哥哥那里学习了钢琴。他加入维也纳男童唱诗班的前身（1808），在那里取得了很大进步，使萨利耶里（A. Salieri）开始对他实行教导（1810～1816）。在他的家人的坚持下，他担任教师。同年，演奏他的第一部弥撒，他还谱写了第一批重要歌曲。1815年写了两部交响曲和一百多首歌曲以及四部舞台作品。1818年为了追求自由而停止在父亲的学校任教，开始担任埃斯特哈齐（Johann Esterhazy）的女儿们的导师。1819～1820年他写了伟大的《鳟鱼五重奏》和一部弥撒。1821年出版他的二十支最流行的歌曲，取得很大成功。同年，他写了歌剧《阿方索与艾斯特雷拉》。1822年开始意识到自己的疾病（可能是梅毒）是致命的，但他惊人的创作力仍延续下去，包括他未完成的交响曲和《流浪汉狂想曲》。一生的最後五年一直受到疾病困扰，但其音乐创作仍然继续下去。包括系列歌曲《美丽的磨坊少女》、《冬之旅》和最後三首钢琴奏鸣曲和《C大调交响曲》。最後几年因疾病而生活痛苦，但并不贫穷，实际上他的伟大已获大家的认可。去世时年仅三十一岁，当时所写的作品已经超过了历史上任何一名作曲家。他创作的六百多首歌曲使利德（lied）成为一种严肃的题材，并开启了歌曲在接下来几十年间的发展。

English version：

1797～1828年

Schubert, Franz Peter

Austrian composer. He learned violin from his schoolteacher father and piano from his brother. He joined the precursor of the Vienna Boys Choir (1808), making such quick progress that A. Salieri undertook to guide his training (1810-16). At his family's insistence, he was trained as a schoolteacher. That same year, his first mass was performed, and he composed his first important songs. In 1815 he wrote two symphonies, more than 100 songs, and four stage works. In 1818, seeking independence, he quit teaching at his father's school to tutor Johann Esterházy's daughters. In 1819-20 he wrote the great “Trout” Quintet and a mass. In 1821, 20 of his most popular songs were published with great success, and he wrote the opera Alfonso und Estrella. His amazing production continued in 1822, despite his first awareness of the disease (possibly syphilis) that would kill him, with the Unfinished Symphony and the “Wanderer” Fantasy. He was often ill during his last five years, but continued his production of music, including the song cycles Die sch?ne Müllerin and Winterreise, the last three piano sonatas, and the “Great C Major” Symphony. His last years were made miserable by illness, not poverty; in fact, his greatness was widely recognized. He died at 31, having produced more masterpieces by that age than almost any other composer in history. His 600 songs made the lied a serious genre and sparked its great development in subsequent decades.

参考文章

• 为什么称舒伯特是"歌曲之王"美术与音乐
• 舒伯特《摇篮曲》的由来美术与音乐