阿曼(Oman)

正式名称阿曼苏丹国（Sultanate of Oman）

旧称马斯喀特和阿曼（Muscat and Oman）

阿拉伯半岛东南沿海国家。面积306,000平方公里。人口约2,497,000（2001）。首都︰马斯喀特。大部分人口是阿拉伯人并形成部落，然而还有相当数量的人来自东南亚和东非。语言︰阿拉伯语（官方语）及俾路支语。宗教：伊斯兰教（国教）和印度教。货币︰阿曼里亚尔。阿曼炎热乾旱，沿海地区温度较高。哈杰尔山脉与阿曼湾海岸平行，高度逾3,000公尺。向西南延伸约600公里的砾质沙漠分开，占阿曼全境的3/4。阿曼属於发展中的混合型经济，石油的生产和出口在该国经济中所占比重最大。政府形式为君主制，有顾问会议辅佐统治。国家元首暨政府首脑为苏丹。

人类在阿曼定居至少有一万年之久。阿拉伯人向阿曼的迁徙始於西元前9世纪。在7世纪皈依伊斯兰教以前，阿曼部落间的争斗不断。阿曼一直受伊玛目统治，直到1154年由诸位国王统治的王朝建立为止。他们被驱逐出境後，1507～1650年葡萄牙人占据阿曼海岸。布.赛义德王朝创於18世纪中叶，统治着阿曼。18～19世纪向东非扩张版图，桑吉巴为首都。1964年发现石油。1970年苏丹被其子推翻，并着手进行现代化的政策和加入阿拉伯国家联盟和联合国。波斯湾战争期间与联合部合作对抗伊拉克。1990年代继续扩展外交关系。

English version：

Oman

formerlyMuscat and OmanNation, southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Area: 119,500 sq mi (309,500 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 2,265,000. Capital: Masqat, or Muscat. The Omanis are predominantly Arab and tribal in organization. There are also many people from S.East Asia and East Africa working there. Language: Arabic (official), Baluchi. Religions: Islam (official), Hinduism. Currency: rial Omani. Oman is a hot, arid country with high humidity along the coasts. The Al-Hajar Mountains parallel the Gulf of Oman coast, reaching a height of more than 10,000 ft (3,000 m). A broad expanse of gravel desert extends southwestward to cover three-fourths of the country. It has a developing mixed economy, with the production and export of petroleum as its largest sector. It is a monarchy, with an advisory council; its head of state and government is the sultan. The land has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years. The Arab migration to Oman began in the 9th century BC. Tribal warfare continued until the conversion to Islam in the 7th century AD. It was ruled by Ibadi imams until 1154, when a royal dynasty was established. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas c. 1507-1650, when they were expelled. The Al Bu Said dynasty, founded in the mid-18th century, still rules Oman. The kingdom expanded into eastern Africa in the 18th-19th century, and the capital was in Zanzibar. Oil was discovered in 1964. In 1970 the sultan was deposed by his son, who began a policy of modernization and joined the Arab League and the United Nations. In the Persian Gulf War, Oman cooperated with the allied forces against Iraq. In the 1990s it continued to expand its foreign relations.

参考文章

• 西亚阿曼马斯喀特的历史沿革专项地理
• 阿曼尼直嘴太阳鸟的地理分布鸟类知识
• 孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、不丹、阿曼、也门的由来世界史