神学自由主义(liberalism, theological)

指主张根据某种内在动机而不按外在控制探讨宗教教义的一派神学。神学自由主义始於17世纪法国的笛卡儿，其使用理性的方式来表达信仰。神学自由主义还受到许多哲学家的影响，其中包括斯宾诺莎、莱布尼兹和洛克。神学自由主义的第二阶段称为浪漫主义，流行於18世纪末到19世纪，强调发现个人的独特性。包括哲学家卢梭、康德及神学家施莱尔马赫等在内的哲人都在其着作中进行了阐述。神学自由主义的第三阶段是现代主义，兴起於19世纪中期，止於1920年代，强调进步的观点。工业革命和达尔文《物种起源》的发表是这种思想的导因。诸如英国的赫胥黎、史宾塞和美国的詹姆斯、杜威等思想家都注重进行宗教活动的心理研究、宗教制度的社会学研究及宗教价值的哲学调查。

English version：

liberalism, theological

School of religious thought characterized by concern with inner motivation as opposed to external controls. It was set in motion in the 17th century by Rene Descartes, who expressed faith in human reason, and it was influenced by such philosophers as Benedict de Spinoza, G. W. Leibniz, and John Locke. Its second stage, which coincided with the Romantic movement of the late 18th and 19th century, was marked by an appreciation of individual creativity, expressed in the writings of philosophers such as J.-J. Rousseau and Immanuel Kant as well as of the theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher. The third stage, from the mid-19th century through the 1920s, emphasized the idea of progress. Stimulated by the Industrial Revolution and by Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859), thinkers such as T.H. Huxley and Herbert Spencer in England and William James and John Dewey in the U.S. focused on the psychological study of religious experience, the sociological study of religious institutions, and philosophical inquiry into religious values.