圣彼得堡(Saint Petersburg)

俄语作Sankt-Peterburg

旧称彼得格勒（Petrograd, 1914～1924）或列宁格勒（Leningrad, 1924～1991）

俄罗斯西北部城市（1997年人口约4,216,000）及港口，位於尼瓦河三角洲，尼瓦河注入芬兰湾。圣彼得堡是俄罗斯第二大城市（仅次於莫斯科）。1703年为彼得大帝（彼得一世）所建，1712～1917年为俄罗斯帝国的首都。它是1825年十二月党叛变以及1905年俄国革命中流血星期日攻击工人的所在地。布尔什维克革命的原发地（参阅Russian Revolution of 1917）。使它在1918年失去了首都的地位而让给了莫斯科。在第二次世界大战期间，圣彼得堡遭受德军围攻（1941年9月～1944年1月），死亡人数多达一百万（参阅Leningrad, Siege of）。从1990年一改革派的市议会和市长帮助国家脱离了共产党的控制。圣彼得堡是文化、教育、工业中心以及俄罗斯最大海港。工业有机械工程、印刷、制造业及造船业。除了是欧洲最漂亮城市之一。该市有许多的运河纵横交错，六百多座桥梁横跨河面。它有许多的皇宫、大教堂、博物馆（参阅Hermitage）及历史纪念碑。

English version：

Saint Petersburg

formerly (1914-24)Petrogrador (1924-91)LeningradCity (pop., 1996 est.: 4,200,000) and port, northwestern Russia. Located on the delta of the Neva River where it enters the Gulf of Finland, it is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow. Founded by Peter I (Peter the Great) in 1703, it was the capital of the Russian empire from 1712 to 1917. It was the scene of the Decembrist revolt in 1825, and the Bloody Sunday attack on workers in the Russian Revolution of 1905. The original center of the Bolshevik revolution (see Russian Revolution of 1917), it lost its capital status to Moscow in 1918. In World War II it underwent a seige by German forces (September 1941-January 1944), during which as many as one million people died (see Siege of Leningrad). From 1990 a reformist city council and mayor helped swing the country from Communist control. It is a cultural, educational, and industrial center and Russia's largest seaport. Industries include engineering, printing, manufacturing, and shipbuilding. One of Europe's most beautiful cities, it is intersected by many canals and crossed by more than 600 bridges; it is the site of many palaces, cathedrals, museums (see Hermitage), and historical monuments.

参考文章

• 联邦区列宁格勒州圣彼得堡的历史沿革专项地理