克鲁泡特金(1842～1921年)

Kropotkin, Peter (Alekseyevich)

俄国革命者和地理学家，无政府主义的前卫理论家。亲王之子，1871年抛弃了贵族继承权。尽管他在诸如地理学、动物学、社会学和历史学方面都取得了声望，但还是回避了物质上的成功而追求革命者的生活。他因政治罪而入狱（1874～1876），但越狱逃往西欧。在法国，因捏造的煽动罪而再次入狱（1883～1886）。1886年他定居英国，直到1917年俄国革命才让他回归故里。在流放期间，他写了几本有影响的书，包括《一个革命者回忆录》（1899）和《互助论》（1902），在这些书中，他试图把无政府主义置於科学的基础上，提出物种演化的主要因素是合作而不是冲突。克鲁泡特金回到俄国後，对布尔什维克用独裁主义而不是自由主义的方法来革命感到非常失望，从此退出政治界。

English version：

1842～1921年

Kropotkin, Peter (Alekseyevich)

Russian revolutionary and geographer, foremost theorist of anarchism. The son of a prince, in 1871 he renounced his aristocratic heritage. Though he achieved renown in such fields as geography, zoology, sociology, and history, he shunned material success for the life of a revolutionist. He was imprisoned on political charges (1874-76) but escaped and fled to Western Europe. In France, he was imprisoned on trumped-up charges of sedition (1883-86), and in 1886 he settled in England, where he remained until the Russian Revolution of 1917 allowed him to return home. While in exile, he wrote several influential books, including Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899) and Mutual Aid (1902), in which he attempted to put anarchism on a scientific basis and argued that cooperation rather than conflict is the chief factor in the evolution of species. On his return to Russia he was bitterly disappointed that the Bolsheviks had made their revolution by authoritarian rather than libertarian methods, and he retired from politics.