古斯塔夫二世(1594～1632年)

Gustav II Adolf

拉丁语作Gustavus Adolphus

瑞典国王（1611～1632年在位）。使瑞典成为一个重要的欧洲强国。查理九世的长子。他继承其父与西格蒙德三世的纠纷。直到1629年面对波兰合法入侵。1613年结束了与丹麦的战争。但瑞典被迫偿付巨额赔款，结束了与俄国的战争（1617），吞并因格里亚和凯克斯霍尔摩。国内紧张情势，由他的亲信总理大臣乌克森谢纳为之解决。古斯塔夫二世的全面内政改革包括有效率的中央政府和改善教育。1621年同西吉斯蒙德重新开战。他征服了波兰、利沃尼亚（拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚）。他意识到他对波兰战役是新教同反宗教改革斗争的一部分。1630年参与三十年战争，这是防御策略，以确保瑞典国家和教会的安全。他杰出战术，使军队具有非凡素质。1631年签订的「巴尔瓦尔德条约」使古斯塔夫二世的地位得到加强。他用武力逼迫法国、布兰登堡和萨克森与瑞典结盟。在布赖滕费尔德（Breitenfeld）战役中一举击溃德军。随後数月，瑞军如风扫残云，席卷德意志中部地区，1632年在吕岑向华伦斯坦的军队发起袭击，但古斯塔夫二世在率领骑兵冲锋时阵亡。

English version：

1594～1632年

Gustav II Adolf

King of Sweden (1611-32) who made Sweden a major European power. The son of Charles IX, Gustav inherited his father's dynastic quarrels with Sigismund III Vasa and until 1629 faced a legitimist invasion from Poland. He ended the war with Denmark in 1613, but Sweden was forced to pay a crushing war indemnity. He ended the war with Russia (1617) and annexed Ingria and Kexholm. Internal tensions were largely resolved by his trusted chancellor, Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna. Gustav's sweeping domestic reforms included establishing an efficient central administration and improving education. Resuming the war with Sigismund in 1621, Gustav obtained much of Polish Livonia (Latvia and Estonia). He saw his Polish campaigns as part of the struggle of Protestantism against the Counter-Reformation. He entered the Thirty Years' War in 1630 as a defensive maneuver, to secure the Swedish state and church from danger. An outstanding military tactician, he led an army of unusual quality, and his position was strengthened by alliances with France, Brandenburg, and Saxony. Success in the Battle of Breitenfeld let him sweep through central Germany and claim large territorial cessions, particularly Pomerania (1631). At Lützen in 1632, the Swedes defeated Albrecht W. E. von Wallenstein's army, but Gustav was killed in battle.