小提琴(violin)

弓弦乐器家族包含小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音大提琴。称为小提琴的乐器是家族中音调最高的成员。指板没有浮纹，四弦，木制琴体形状独特，其「腰身」造就了弓法的自由。被置於肩上，由右手拉弓。有极广的4个八度。16世纪在义大利演化而成，源於中世纪的提琴及其他乐器。它的平均比例在17世纪确立，但18～19世纪的改革增加了本身的音色能力。小提琴音色灿烂、灵活而具有歌唱性，在西方艺术音乐中一直是非常重要的，在所有弦乐器中拥有最大而最着名的曲目，包括数以千计的协奏曲。从17世纪中期以来，它一直是管弦乐团的基础，如今管弦乐团通常包括20～26支小提琴；小提琴也广用於室内乐，或作为独奏乐器。它在许多国家以民俗乐器的形式演奏，民俗小提琴常被称为提琴。

English version：

violin

Family of bowed stringed instruments consisting of the violin, viola, cello, and double bass. The instrument called the violin is the family's highest-pitched member. It has a fretless fingerboard, four strings, and a distinctively shaped wooden body whose “waist” permits freedom of bowing. It is held on the shoulder and bowed with the right hand. It has a wide range of over four octaves. It evolved in Italy in the 16th century from the medieval fiddle and other instruments. Its average proportions were settled by the 17th century, but innovations in the 18th-19th century increased its tonal power. With its brilliance, agility, and singing tone, the violin has been immensely important in Western art music, and it has the largest and most distinguished repertoire of any stringed instrument, including thousands of concertos. From the mid-17th century it has been the foundation of the symphony orchestra, which today usually includes 20-26 violins, and is also widely used in chamber music and as a solo instrument. It is played as a folk instrument in many countries, folk violins being often called fiddles.

参考文章

• 小提琴的由来美术与音乐
• 为什么世界上第一把小提琴是埃及的音乐家莫可里制造的美术与音乐
• 为什么说小提琴是"乐器皇后"美术与音乐
• 为什么帕格尼尼被称为“小提琴之王"美术与音乐