图波列夫(1888～1972年)

Tupolev, Andrei (Nikolayevich)

俄罗斯飞机设计家。1918年与人合作成立苏联中央流体动力研究所，并在1922年成为其设计部门领导，生产了全金属结构的飞机。他在1937年因反叛国家罪被捕，受命担任设计军用飞机的工作。他在受到限制的情况下领导一个团队设计出「图－2型」双引擎的轰炸机，在第二次世界大战中得到广泛使用。在战争期间获得释放後，他和重建的设计部仿制了美国的B-29重轰炸机。後来的「图－4型」成为了苏联1950年代中期前的主要战略轰炸机。在采用喷射推动器以制造活塞引擎飞机後，他制造出了「图－16型」（北大西洋公约组织的「Badger」）喷射轰炸机（1952年试飞）和民用的「图－104型」（1955），是第一架提供定期载客服务的交通工具。图波列夫和他的儿子阿列克塞主导设计出了「图－144型」超音速运输机（1969），是速度超过1马赫的第一架喷射客机。

English version：

1888～1972年

Tupolev, Andrei (Nikolayevich)

Russian aircraft designer. In 1918 he cofounded the U.S.S.R.'s Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute, and in 1922 he became head of its design bureau (see Tupolev), producing airplanes of all-metal construction. Arrested in 1937 on charges of activities against the state, he was assigned to work on the design of military aircraft. Under confinement, he led a team that produced the Tu-2 twin-engine tactical bomber, which was widely used in World War II. Freed during the war, Tupolev and his reestablished design bureau replicated the U.S. B-29; the resulting Tu-4 became the Soviet Union's principal strategic bomber until the mid-1950s. After adapting jet propulsion to several piston-engine airframes, Tupolev introduced the swept-wing Tu-16 (NATO, “Badger”) jet bomber (first flown 1952) and its civilian derivative Tu-104 (1955), one of the first jet transports to provide regular passenger service. Tupolev and his son Alexei headed the effort that produced the Tu-144 supersonic transport, the first passenger jet to exceed Mach 1 (1969).