越南(Vietnam)

正式名称越南社会主义共和国（Socialist republic of Vietnam）

南亚国家。面积331,041平方公里。人口约79,939,000（2001）。首都︰河内。越南人几乎占全部人口的90%，少数民族有华人、赫蒙（苗）人、傣（泰）人、高棉人和岱人。语言︰越南语（官方语）、法语、汉语、英语和高棉语。宗教：佛教、道教、儒教、天主教、伊斯兰教和新教等。货币︰新盾。越南国土长约1,650公里，最大宽度340～550公里，最窄56公里。越南北部多山，番西邦山是全国最高峰，高达3,141公尺。红河为主要的河流，湄公河三角洲位於南越，连接这两大河流三角洲的是一条狭窄的沿海低地平原，长约1,000公里。森林密布的安南山脉延伸至越南中西部，约占越南陆地面积的2/3。北越有丰富的矿产资源，尤以无烟煤和褐煤最重要。在南方近海处蕴藏有石油。重要的粮食作物包括稻米、甘蔗、咖啡、茶和香蕉。其他重要的工业有食品加工、渔业、制钢以及制取磷酸盐和磷酸酯。政府形式为社会主义共和国，一院制。国家元首是国家主席，政府首脑为总理。

西元前200年左右，一个有独特的语言和文化的越南民族开始形成，并建立了独立的南越王国，西元前1世纪该王国後并入中国。到西元10世纪，越南最终摆脱了中国的统治。15世纪後半期，来自北方的越南人逐渐侵占南部地区。17世纪初该国分裂为两部分，北部称东京，南部称交趾支那。1802年重新统一。法国经过好几年的努力试图在此区扩大殖民，1859年法国夺取了西贡，随後也控制了其他地区，直到第二次世界大战。1940～1945年日本侵占越南；第二次世界大战结束时，宣告独立，但遭到法国反对。越南人在第一次印度支那战争中与受美国金援的法军作战，最後以1954年越南人在奠边府战役中的胜利而告终，法国军队被撤离越南。同年在日内瓦签订条约，以北纬17为临时分界线，将越南暂时分为两个部分，北部归胡志明之下，南部为保大之下。1956年排定的统一选举迟迟未能举行，保大於是宣布南越独立（越南共和国），同时共产主义在北越成立（越南民主共和国）。北越游击队在南越的活动和南越出现亲共叛乱导致美国的干预并参与越战。1973年签订停火协议，美国军队撤离。不久内战硝烟再起。1975年北越对南越进攻，南越政府垮台。1976年南北越实现统一，成立越南社会主义共和国。自1980年代中期，越南政府推行了一系列经济改革措施，开始同亚洲和西方国家改善关系。1990年代与美国进行正常化关系。

English version：

Vietnam

Nation, South Asia. Area: 127,816 sq mi (331,041 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 75,124,000. Capital: Hanoi. Almost 90% of the total population is Vietnamese; minorities include Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, and Chan. Languages: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer. Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Roman Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism. Currency: New dong. Vietnam is about 1,025 mi (1,650 km) long, 210-340 mi (340-550 km) wide at its widest parts, and 35 mi (56 km) wide at its narrowest part. northern Vietnam is mountainous where Fan-si-pan, the country's highest peak, rises to 10,306 ft (3,141 m). The Red River is the principal river. southern Vietnam is dominated by the Mekong River Delta. A low-lying, narrow coastal plain about 620 mi (1,000 km) long connects the two major river deltas. The densely forested Annamese Cordillera extends through western central Vietnam and covers two-thirds of the total land area. northern Vietnam is rich in mineral resources, especially anthracite and lignite coal. Some petroleum deposits exist off the southern coast. Significant food crops include rice, sugarcane, coffee, tea, and bananas. Food processing and fishing are important industries, as are the manufacture of steel and phosphates. It is a socialist republic with one legislative house; its chief of state is the president, and its head of government is the prime minister. A distinct Vietnamese group began to emerge c. 200 BC in the independent kingdom of Nam Viet, which was later annexed to China in the 1st century BC. The Vietnamese were under continuous Chinese control until the 10th century AD. The southern region was gradually overrun by Vietnamese from the north in the late 15th century. The area was divided into two parts in the early 17th century, with the northern part known as Tonkin, and the southern part as Cochin China. In 1802 the northern and southern parts of Vietnam were unified under a single dynasty. Following several years of attempted French colonial expansion in the region, the French captured Saigon in 1859 and later the rest of the area, controlling it until World War II (see French Indochina). The Japanese occupied Vietnam 1940-45, and declared it independent at the end of World War II, a move the French opposed. They fought the First Indochina War until French forces with U.S. financial backing were defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954; evacuation of French troops ensued. Following an international conference at Geneva, Vietnam was partitioned along the 17th parallel, with the northern part under Ho Chi Minh, and the southern part under Bao Dai; the partition was to be temporary, but the reunification elections scheduled for 1956 were never held. Bao Dai declared the independence of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam), while the Communists established North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). The activities of North Vietnamese guerrillas and pro-communist rebels in South Vietnam led to U.S. intervention and the Vietnam War. A cease-fire agreement was signed in 1973, and U.S. troops were withdrawn. The civil war soon resumed, and in 1975 North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam and the South Vietnamese government collapsed. In 1976 the two Vietnams were united as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. From the mid-1980s, the government enacted a series of economic reforms and began to open up to Asian and western nations. During the 1990s the U.S. moved to normalize relations with it.

参考文章

• 越南：养猪有方　音乐催膘猪
• 越南平治天省顺化的历史沿革专项地理
• 朝鲜、越南、蒙古的由来世界史
• 越南社会主义共和国的历史沿革专项地理
• 越南山鹧鸪的物种名称、分类地位、地理分布鸟类知识
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