马克思主义(Marxism)

由马克思与恩格斯发展出来的意识形态和社会经济理论。马克思主义为共产主义的基本意识形态，坚持全部的人有权享受自己劳动的成果，但在资本主义经济体系中无法如愿－－该体系把社会区分为二个阶级：无产的劳工和不劳动的业主。马克思把随之产生的情况称为「异化」，并说：当劳工重新拥有自己的劳动成果时，异化才会被克服而不再有阶级之分。马克思主义的历史理论把阶级斗争定位为历史的驱动力量，并把资本主义视为最晚近而最最关键的历史阶段－－因为在此阶段，无产阶级最终会团结起来。1848年欧洲革命失败，而阐述马克思主义理论（其方向是分析而非实际的）的需要渐增，导致列宁主义、毛主义等的调整；苏联解体而中国采用自由市场的许多元素，似乎标示着马克思主义不再是可行的经济或政府理论，尽管它仍是受人关注的市场资本主义评论和历史变迁的理论。亦请参阅Communist Manifesto、dialectical materialism、socialism、Stalinism、Trotskyism。

English version：

Marxism

Ideology and socioeconomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The fundamental ideology of communism, it holds that all people are entitled to enjoy the fruits of their labor but are prevented from doing so in a capitalist economic system, which divides society into two classes: nonowning workers and nonworker owners. Marx called the resulting situation “alienation,” and said that when the workers repossessed the fruits of their labor, alienation would be overcome and class divisions would cease. The Marxist theory of history posits class struggle as history's driving force, and sees capitalism as the most recent and most critical historical stage—most critical because at this stage the proletariat will at last arise united. The failure of the 1848 European revolutions and an increasing need to elaborate on Marxist theory, whose orientation is more analytical than practical, led to such adaptations as Leninism and Maoism; the collapse of the Soviet Union and China's adoption of many elements of a free-market economy seemed to mark the end of Marxism as an applicable economic or governmental theory, though it retains interest as a critique of market capitalism and a theory of historical change. See also Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, Stalinism, Trotskyism.

参考文章

• 奥康纳的生态学马克思主义的构建经济百科
• 奥康纳的生态学马克思主义理论概述经济百科
• 李嘉图恶习与休漠的铡刀对马克思主义经济学研究的启示经济百科
• 生态学马克思主义的产生经济百科
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