格式塔心理学(Gestalt psychology)

20世纪重要心理学流派，现代知觉理论的基础。现代德语中Gestalt一词指事物被「放置」或「构成整体」的方法；在心理学中，该词常表示「模式」（pattern）或「完形」（configuration）。主要信条是无论如何不能通过对各个部分的分析来认识整体。要理解整体的全部性质，就需要「自上而下」地分析从整体结构到各个组成部分的特性。格式塔学说创始於19世纪末的奥地利和南德意志，而韦尔特海梅尔、克勒和科夫卡的研究奠定了格式塔学派的基础。莱温後来将格式塔原理扩大，应用到动机、社会心理学、人格及美学、经济行为。受格式塔影响的心理治疗，目的是在个体和他的环境之间发展一种较有伸缩性的、统一的、可接受的关系，以减轻神经症和精神病行为（精神分裂、精神紊乱、焦虑和僵硬症状）。

English version：

Gestalt psychology

20th-century school of psychology that provided the foundation for the modern study of perception. The German term Gestalt, referring to how a thing has been “put together” (gestellt), is often translated as “pattern” or “configuration” in psychology. Its precepts, formulated as a reaction against the atomistic orientation of previous theories, emphasized that the whole of anything is different from the sum of its parts: organisms tend to perceive entire patterns or configurations rather than bits and pieces. The school emerged in Austria and Germany at the end of the 19th century and gained impetus through the works of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka (1886-1941); its principles were later expanded by Kurt Lewin. A form of psychotherapy only loosely related to Gestalt principles and influenced by existentialism and phenomenology was developed by Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls (1893-1970) in the 1940s. Gestalt therapy directs the client toward appreciating the form, meaning, and value of his or her perceptions and actions.