霍夫曼(1776～1822年)

Hoffmann, E(rnst) T(heodor) A(madeus)，原名Ernst Theodor Wilhelm。

德国作家和作曲家，德国浪漫主义的主要人物。最初为司法官员（在他的许多小说里可以明显看到理想的艺术世界和日常的官僚生活之间的矛盾），後来转向写作和音乐，这两项是他常常追求的。故事集《卡罗特式的幻想篇》（1814～1815）建立了他作家的声望。後期的畅销书《夜间偶成》（1817）和《谢拉皮翁兄弟》（1819～1821），把丰富的想像力和对人性的鲜明描述结合在一起。他还是乐队指挥、音乐评论家以及剧院的音乐指导。他初期的许多音乐作品里，最成功的是芭蕾舞剧《曙光女神》（1811）和歌剧《水中仙女》（1816年首演）。四十六岁时死於全身瘫痪。他的故事激励了奥芬巴赫（《霍夫曼的故事》）、德利伯（《葛蓓莉亚》）、柴可夫斯基（《胡桃钳》）和亨德密特（《卡尔迪拉克》）等人写出着名的歌剧和芭蕾舞剧。

English version：

1776～1822年

Hoffmann, E(rnst) T(heodor) A(madeus)

German writer and composer, a major figure of German Romanticism. He initially supported himself as a legal official (the conflict between the ideal world of art and daily bureaucratic life is evident in many of his stories), and later turned to writing and music, which he often pursued simultaneously. His story collection Fantasy Pieces in the Style of Callot (1814-15) established his reputation as a writer. His later popular collections Hoffmann's Strange Stories (1817) and The Serapion Brethren (1819-21) combine wild flights of imagination with vivid examinations of human character. He also worked as a conductor, music critic, and theatrical musical director. The most successful of his many original musical works were the ballet Arlequin (1811) and the opera Undine (performed 1816). He died at 46 of progressive paralysis. His stories inspired notable operas and ballets by J. Offenbach (Tales of Hoffmann), L. Delibes (Coppélia), P. Tchaikovsky (The Nutcracker), and P. Hindemith (Cardillac).

参考文章

• 霍夫曼定理不能得到印证的主要原因经济百科
• 霍夫曼定理概述经济百科