音乐剧(musical (comedy))

一种戏剧表演形式，具有激发情感，给人乐趣的特点，情节简单但不落俗套，伴有音乐、舞蹈和对白。音乐剧可以追溯到18和19世纪的体裁，如叙事歌剧、歌唱剧和喜歌剧。1866年的《黑色弯柄杖》通常被认为是第一部音乐喜剧作品，它不仅引起低级歌舞表演的主办者、也引起一些赫伯特歌剧和严肃戏剧的赞助人的注意。赫伯特、富林（R. Friml）和龙白克将一种轻歌剧形式带到美国，後来成为主要来源。科汉是该体裁全盛时期的代表人物，在1920～1930年代进入最鼎盛时代。克恩（J. Kern）与艾拉.盖希文（参阅Gershwin, George、Gershwin, Ira）、波特、罗杰斯、汉莫斯坦和阿尔伦。克恩和汉莫斯坦《画舫璇宫》（1927）可能是首部完全使用音乐配合叙述的音乐剧；後来的音乐剧结构紧凑，例如︰罗杰兹与汉莫斯坦的《奥克拉荷马！》（1943）和《南太平洋》（1949）。该体裁随勒纳、洛伊和伯恩斯坦的作品进入繁荣时期，但1960年代後期开始衰退，分别走向不同的方向，比如说拉格尼（G. Ragni）、拉多（J. Rado）和麦克德莫特（G. MacDermott）的摇滚音乐剧《毛发》（1967），坎德尔（J. Kander）和艾比（F. Ebb）的《酒店》（1966），桑德海姆的《斯维内.托德》（1979），斯瓦茨（Stephen Swartz）的《神的意味》（1971），劳埃.韦伯和提姆.莱斯的《万世巨星》（1971），哈姆利什（M. Hamlisch）和克雷本（E. Kleban）的《歌舞线上》（1975），波利尔（A. Boublil）和斯昆伯格（C.-M. Sch?nberg）的《悲惨世界》（1985），和拉森（J. Larson）的《吉屋出租》（1995）。

English version：

musical (comedy)

Theatrical production, normally sentimental and amusing, with a simple but distinctive plot, that offers music and dancing as well as spoken dialogue. Its roots can be traced to such 18th- and 19th-century genres as ballad opera, singspiel, and opéra comique, in which dialogue is mostly spoken. The Black Crook (1866), often called the first musical comedy, attracted patrons of opera and serious drama as well as those of burlesque shows. V. Herbert, R. Friml, and S. Romberg brought a form of operetta to the U.S. that became an essential source. George M. Cohan ushered in the genre's heyday, and in the 1920s and '30s it entered its richest period with the works of J. Kern, G. and I. Gershwin (see George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin), C. Porter, R. Rodgers, O. Hammerstein, and H. Arlen. Kern and Hammerstein's Show Boat (1927) was perhaps the first musical to employ music thoroughly integrated with the narrative; later tightly constructed musicals included Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! (1943) and South Pacific (1949). The genre flourished with the works of A.J. Lerner, F. Loewe, and Leonard Bernstein, but began to decline in the late 1960s, by which time musicals had begun to diverge in many different directions, as exemplified by Gerome Ragni, James Rado, and Galt MacDermott's rock musical Hair (1967), John Kander and Fred Ebb's Cabaret (1966), S. Sondheim's Sweeney Todd (1979), Stephen Swartz's Godspell (1971), Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Jesus Christ Superstar (1971), Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban's A Chorus Line (1975), Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Sch?nberg's Les Misérables (1985), and Jonathan Larson's Rent (1995).