杰克森(1767～1845年)

Jackson, Andrew

美国第七任总统（1829～1837）。出生於南卡罗来纳（South Carolina）沃克斯华（Waxhaw）移民区，曾在故乡附近短暂参与美国革命，他的家人为英军所杀。後来勤学法律，1788年担任北卡罗来纳州（North Carolina）西部地区检察官（prosecuting attorney）。此区改为田纳西州（Tennessee）後，当选为众议院议员（1796～1797）与参议院议员（1797～1798）。之後任职於田纳西州最高法院（1798～1804），1802年被推选为田纳西州国民兵司令（major general of the Tennessee militia）。1812年战争开始时，他徵召五万名志愿军服役。但他被派去与密西西比准州（Mississippi Territory）的英国人联合对抗克里克印第安人（Creek Indians）。历经漫长战斗（1813～1814），在马蹄铁弯道之役（Battle of Horseshoe Bend）中打败克里克人。在从英国－西班牙联军手中夺得佛罗里达的彭萨科拉（Pensacola）後，又挥师向西攻打路易斯安那（Louisiana）的英军。在纽奥良战役（Battle of New Orleans）中获得决定性胜利，成为国家英雄，报界昵称「老顽固」（Old Hickory）。美国取得佛罗里达後，被任名为该区首长（1821）。1824年总统大选，四名候选人中他赢得最多选举人票，但众议院裁决亚当斯当选。1828年经过一番激烈选战後，他打败亚当斯当选为总统，成为第一个来自阿帕拉契山（Appalachian Mountains）以西的总统。他的当选被视作政治民主的一大胜利。他撤换许多联邦官员，录用其拥护者，此一作法以分赃制（spoils system）闻名。他推行一项把印第安人迁至西部的政策，即《印第安人移居法》（Indian Removal Acts）。在否认原则（nullification）运动上，他与副总统卡尔霍恩的意见相左因而决裂。1832年再次当选总统，部分原因在於他反资本主义的财政政策，以及受争议的否决发给美国银行特许状案（参阅Bank War）。担任总统期间，他的声望持续累积。任内民主党开始茁壮，导向充满活力的两党制度。

English version：

1767～1845年

Jackson, Andrew

Seventh president of the U.S. (1829-37). Born in Waxhaw, S.C., he fought briefly in the American Revolution near his frontier home, where his family was killed. He studied law and in 1788 was appointed prosecuting attorney for western North Carolina. When the region became the state of Tennessee, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1796-97) and Senate (1797-98). He served on the state supreme court (1798-1804) and in 1802 was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. When the War of 1812 began, he offered the U.S. the services of his 50,000-volunteer militia. He was sent to fight the Creek Indians allied with the British in Mississippi Territory. After a lengthy battle (1813-14), he defeated them at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. After capturing Pensacola, Fla., from the British-allied Spanish, he marched overland to engage the British in Louisiana. A decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero, dubbed “Old Hickory” by the press. After U.S. acquisition of Florida, he was named governor of the territory (1821). One of four candidates in the 1824 presidential election, he won an electoral-votes plurality but the House gave the election to John Quincy Adams. In 1828 Jackson defeated Adams after a fierce campaign and became the first president elected from west of the Appalachian Mountains. His election was considered a triumph of political democracy. He replaced many federal officeholders with his supporters, a process that became known as the spoils system. He pursued a policy of moving Indians westward with the Indian Removal Acts. He split with his vice president, John C. Calhoun, over the nullification movement. His reelection in 1832 was due in part to support for his anticapitalistic fiscal policies and a controversial veto that affected the Bank of the U.S. (see Bank War). His popularity continued to build throughout his presidency. During his tenure a strong Democratic Party developed that led to a vigorous two-party system.