图洛特氏症候群(Tourette's syndrome)

罕见的神经疾病，其特徵为反覆发作的运动性及发音性抽搐。病名取自首先於1885年描述本病的图洛特，此症全世界分布，通常为遗传性，在二～十五岁间发病，男性发病率是女性的三倍。约80%的病例是运动性抽搐先发生，其他病例则是发怪声的冲动在先。说淫秽语言的冲动，这曾被视为本病特徵，但也常不存在。想重说听到的言语的冲动和自发地重复自己的言语是图洛特氏症候群的两个特殊症状。其他发音性抽搐还包括无意义的声响。运动性抽动可能只是注意不到的简单动作，更复杂的抽动为看似有意的行为（例如跳跃、鼓掌）。睡眠、精神集中和体力活动可抑制上述症状，而情绪紧张会加重症状。图洛特氏症候群不像其他强迫行为，它源自神经而不是源自精神，用精神作用药物可改善其症状。患者脑中神经介质可能发生异常，但内在原因仍不明。

English version：

Tourette's syndrome

Rare neurological disease that causes repetitive motor and vocal tics. Named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described it in 1885, it occurs worldwide, is usually inherited, generally begins at age 2-15, and is three times more common in males. Motor tics occur first in about 80% of cases, compulsions to utter abnormal sounds in the rest. A compulsion to utter obscenities, once thought characteristic, is often absent. Repetition of words heard and spontaneous repetition of one's own words are two distinctive symptoms. Other vocal tics may include meaningless sounds. Motor tics may be virtually unnoticeable; more complex ones may appear intentional (e.g., hopping, clapping). Sleep, intense concentration, and exertion tend to suppress the tics; emotional stress worsens them. Unlike psychiatric compulsive disorders, Tourette's syndrome has a neurological origin and may improve with mind-altering drugs. Brain neurotransmitter abnormalities may be involved, but the underlying cause remains uncertain.