法国大革命(1792～1802年)

French Revolution

1792～1815年发生在法国同欧洲其他强国联盟之间的战争。早期战役对法国大革命的前途具有决定性的意义，国民议会成立後，1791年奥地利与普鲁士呼吁欧洲其他各国和它共同行动，以使路易十六世的君主政体重新建立。法国革命政府认为这是对它的内政的干涉。1792年，法国对普宣战，很快的占领了比利时。1793年，法国面临着由奥、普、西、荷、英所组成的第一次反法联盟的威胁。此时，法国革命政府组织人民进行全面战争。1795年，法军抵达它的天然国界。这时法国试图同敌对国家改善关系，与普鲁士签订了和约，荷兰成为巴达维亚共和国。1796年，在义大利战役中，拿破仑任指挥官。与奥地利签订了「坎波福尔米奥条约」（1797），迫使奥地利割让奥属尼德兰和承认法国在义大利北部建立的阿尔卑斯山南共和国和利古里亚共和国。接着拿破仑率军航行至埃及，征服鄂图曼帝国，但在尼罗河战役（1798）中被英国击败。同时，其他法国军队占领新的领土，并在罗马、瑞士（赫尔维蒂共和国）和义大利（帕特诺珀共和国）建立共和政权。第二次反法联盟由英、奥、俄、葡、鄂图曼帝国和那不勒斯组成。1799年拿破仑被任命为第一执政。结束了外国侵入的危险。但法国与欧洲盟国之间的战争在拿破仑战争中仍继续进行。

English version：

1792～1802年

French Revolution

Series of wars undertaken to defend and then to spread the ideas of the French Revolution. After the National Assembly established its ascendancy over Louis XVI, in 1791 Austria and Prussia called on European rulers to assist Louis in reestablishing power. France declared war in 1792 and soon had occupied all of Belgium. The First Coalition (Prussia, Spain, the United Provinces, and Britain) was formed against France in 1793, and in response the French declared a levy on all Frenchmen, creating a massive army. By 1795 France had defeated the allies on every front; Prussia signed a peace treaty, and the Netherlands became the French-influenced Batavian Republic. Napoleon took over as commander of the Italian campaign in 1796 and by the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) forced Austria to cede the Austrian Netherlands and recognize the French-organized Cisalpine and Ligurian republics in northern Italy. He then sailed an army to Egypt to conquer the Ottoman empire, but was defeated by Britain in the Battle of the Nile (1798). Meanwhile, other French forces had occupied new territories and established republican regimes in Rome, Switzerland (the Helvetic Republic), and Italy (the Parthenopean Republic). The Second Coalition, comprising Britain, Russia, the Ottoman empire, Naples, Portugal, and Austria, was short-lived. By the time Napoleon became first consul of France in 1799, the danger of foreign intervention was over. Conflict between France and other European powers continued in the Napoleonic Wars.