布里兹涅夫(1906～1982年)

Brezhnev, Leonid (Ilich)

苏联领袖。曾在乌克兰担任工程师和技术学校校长，并在地方担任各种党职。1939年任地区党委书记。第二次世界大战期间，他在红军中任政治委员，官阶直升至少将（1943）。1950年代，因支持赫鲁雪夫而升任苏共中央政治局委员。1964年参与逼迫赫鲁雪夫下台的联盟，後来并取代赫鲁雪夫而自任苏共总书记（1966～1982）。他发展了所谓的布里兹涅夫主义，主张苏联有权干涉「华沙公约」各国，并成为1968年入侵捷克斯洛伐克的理论根据。在1970年代，布里兹涅夫力图与西方国家关系正常化，尤其促进与美国的低荡。1976年被授与苏联元帅称号，1977年当选最高苏维埃主席团主席，成为身兼党和国家领袖的第一人。他极力扩张苏联的军事工业，却没有推动其他经济的发展。尽管健康情况不佳，但至死仍掌握大权。

English version：

1906～1982年

Brezhnev, Leonid (Ilich)

Soviet leader. He worked as an engineer and director of a technical school in the Ukraine and held local posts in the Communist Party, becoming regional party secretary in 1939. In World War II he was a political commissar in the Red Army and rose to major general (1943). In the 1950s he supported Nikita Khrushchev and became a member of the Politburo. After Khrushchev's ouster (1964), Brezhnev emerged as general secretary of the party (1966-82) and the dominant leader in the coalition that ousted Khrushchev. He developed the Brezhnev Doctrine, which asserted the right of Soviet intervention in such Warsaw Pact countries as Czechoslovakia (1968). In the 1970s he attempted to normalize relations with the West and to promote détente with the U.S. He was made marshal of the Soviet Union in 1976 and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1977, becoming the first to hold the leadership of both the party and the state. He greatly expanded the Soviet Union's military-industrial complex, but in so doing he deprived the rest of the Soviet economy. Despite frail health he retained his hold on power to the end.