彼得一世(1672～1725年)

Peter I

俄语全名Pyotr Alekseyevich

别名彼得大帝（Peter the Great）

俄罗斯沙皇（1682～1725）。阿列克塞沙皇之子，1682～1696年与同父异母兄伊凡五世共同统治，1696年起才开始独自统治。他对西欧的进步势力感到兴趣，1697～1698拜访了几个国家。回到俄国後，引进了西方的技术，让政府及军事体系现代化，并把首都迁到新城市圣彼得堡（1703）。他进一步削弱贵族和俄罗斯正教会势力，增强君王的权力。某些改革实施地太过粗暴，造成相当多的伤亡。由於怀疑儿子阿列克塞密谋造反，1718年对阿列克塞行刑至死。他致力於外交政策，让俄国能够通达波罗的海及黑海，1695～1696年与鄂图曼帝国开战，并与瑞典爆发第二次北方战争（1700～1721）。他对波斯发动战争（1722～1723），为俄国巩固了里海南岸和西岸。1721年被尊为皇帝，後由他的妻子继位，成为凯萨琳一世。由於让俄罗斯跻身欧洲强权，彼得被广泛视为俄罗斯历史上杰出的统治者和改革者，但也被民族主义者谴责，因为他抛弃了许多俄罗斯独特的文化，後来的史达林把他视为楷模，一样粗暴地改变俄罗斯生活。

English version：

1672～1725年

Peter I

known asPeter the GreatTsar of Russia (1682-1725). Son of Tsar Alexis, he reigned jointly with his half brother Ivan V 1682-96, and alone from 1696. Interested in progressive influences from Western Europe, he visited several countries there (1697-98). After returning to Russia, he introduced Western technology, modernized the government and military system, and transferred the capital to the new city of St. Petersburg (1703). He further increased the power of the monarchy at the expense of the nobles and the Orthodox church. Some of his reforms were implemented brutally, with considerable loss of life. Suspecting that his son Alexis was conspiring against him, he had Alexis tortured to death in 1718. He pursued foreign policies to give Russia access to the Baltic and Black seas, engaging in war with the Ottoman empire (1695-96) and with Sweden in the Second Northern War (1700-21). His campaign against Persia (1722-23) secured for Russia the southern and western shores of the Caspian Sea. In 1721 he was proclaimed emperor; his wife succeeded him as the empress Catherine I. For raising Russia to a recognized place among the great European powers, Peter is widely considered one of the outstanding rulers and reformers in Russian history, but he has also been decried by nationalists for discarding much of what was unique in Russian culture, and his legacy has been seen as a model for Joseph Stalin's brutal transformation of Russian life.