庙宇(temple)

为崇拜神而建的大建筑。一般包括一个避难所和祭坛。古埃及有两种庙宇：祭祀庙以祭奉死去的国王，有一个小礼拜堂以供奉祭品；神庙则供有神像。典型的神庙通常包括厚重的塔门入口，有一庭院通往多柱的大厅，在庙的中心设有神像的神龛。大部分古希腊庙宇呈直角，由大理石或其他石头在很低的柱座（台阶）上建成。坡屋顶由带柱的门廊支承，两端有门廊（无柱庙宇），廊柱在四周排列（绕柱神庙），或者围有双层柱子。地窖里供着神像，祭坛位於庙宇之外。罗马庙宇深受希腊风格影响，但是祭坛在庙的里边，廊柱通常为附墙的柱子。印度教的庙宇在各地区各不相同，常包括高耸的神龛和带柱子的大殿，墙面雕刻丰富。佛教的庙宇也有各种不同的形式，有雕刻丰富的神龛、塔或佛像。中国和日本的佛寺围绕着祭祀用的庭院设置单层殿堂，雕刻和色彩丰富，而佛塔则为色彩华丽、屋角如翼的多层建筑。美洲印加人和马雅人的庙宇是用石头建造，雕饰繁多，一般作阶梯式金字塔形，圣坛设在顶上。亦请参阅synagogue。

English version：

temple

Edifice constructed for the worship of a deity. Features commonly include a sanctuary and an altar. Ancient Egypt had two kinds of temple: mortuary temples for the cults of dead kings, with a chapel in which offerings were presented, and cult temples that held images of deities. The cult temple typically included a massive pylon entrance with a court leading to a hypostyle hall and, at the heart of the temple, a shrine for the cult image. Most Classical Greek temples were rectangular and built of marble or other stone on a low stylobate (stepped platform). A gable roof was supported by columns, with a portico at each end (amphiprostyle temple), a colonnade extending all around (peripteral temple), or a double line of columns all around (dipteral temple). An inner cella housed the image of a deity, and an altar stood outside the temple. Roman temples were profoundly influenced by Greek style, but the altar was inside the temple and the colonnade was often reduced to a row of engaged columns. Hindu temples vary regionally, but generally consist of a towering shrine and a columned hall surrounded by an elaborate wall. Buddhist temples range from half-buried sanctuaries with richly carved entrances to single carved towers or statues. The Chinese and Japanese Buddhist temple is typically a one-story building of richly carved, painted, or tiled timber constructed around an atrium used for worship, though towering pagodas were sometimes built as temples over a shrine. In the Americas, Inca and Mayan temples were constructed of stone, often richly carved; they were generally stair-stepped pyramids, with the shrine at the top. See also synagogue.

参考文章

• 平泉，象征着佛教净土的庙宇、园林与考古遗址建筑与名胜