拿破仑战争(1799～1815年)

Napoleonic wars

法国对抗转变中的欧洲联盟权力的一系列战争。该战争原为保卫法国革命战争所建立的国力，後转变为拿破仑为确保自己在欧洲权力平衡中占有优势的侵略性战争。在马伦戈战役（1800）中打败奥地利军队以後，法国获得主导欧洲大陆的权力。只有英国仍然强势，在特拉法加战役（1805）中的胜利终止了拿破仑侵略英格兰的威胁。拿破仑在对抗俄罗斯、奥地利和普鲁士联军的乌尔姆战役（1805）、奥斯特利茨战役（1805）、耶拿战役（1806）和弗里德兰战役（1807）中赢得主要胜利。「季尔锡特条约」（1807）和「申布伦条约」（1809）的签订使自英吉利海峡到俄罗斯边界的大部分欧洲，不是成为法国的一部分，就是受到法国的控制，或是成为法国的同盟。拿破仑赢得战争胜利在於其行军快速、发动奇袭和对孤立的敌军采各个击破的方式。其敌军则采取在撤退时避免交战的反制策略，迫使拿破仑的供应线过分延长，威灵顿公爵在半岛战争时和巴克莱.德托利在俄罗斯时都使用策略成功击败拿破仑。1813年成立四国同盟反抗拿破仑，并聚集了超过拿破仑军队人数的军力。在莱比锡战役被打败，拿破仑被迫撤离至莱茵河以西，在巴黎被盟国拿下後被迫退位（1814）。他召集一支军队，并在百日统治（1815）时期回到法国，但四国同盟再次兴起对抗，滑铁卢战役为其最後一场失败的战役，其失败原因为无法发动奇袭和未能阻止威灵顿公爵与布吕歇尔率领的两支军队组成联军。拿破仑战争时代随着拿破仑第二次的退位和流放而结束。

English version：

1799～1815年

Napoleonic wars

Series of wars that ranged France against shifting alliances of European powers. Originally an attempt to maintain French strength established by the French Revolutionary Wars, they became efforts by Napoleon to affirm his supremacy in the balance of European power. A victory over Austria at the Battle of Marengo (1800) left France the dominant power on the continent. Only Britain remained strong, and its victory at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) ended Napoleon's threat to invade England. Napoleon won major victories in the Battles of Ulm and Austerlitz (1805), Jena and Auerstedt (1806), and Friedland (1807) against an alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The resulting Treaties of Tilsit (1807) and the Treaty of Sch?nbrunn (1809) left most of Europe from the English Channel to the Russian border either part of the French Empire, controlled by France, or allied to it by treaty. Napoleon's successes resulted from a strategy of moving his army rapidly, attacking quickly, and defeating each of the disconnected enemy units. His enemies' responding strategy was to avoid engagement while withdrawing, forcing Napoleon's supply lines to be overextended; the strategy was successfully used against him by the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsular War and by Mikhail, Prince Barclay de Tolly de Tolly in Russia. In 1813 the Quadruple Alliance formed to oppose Napoleon and amassed armies that outnumbered his. Defeated at the Battle of Leipzig, he was forced to withdraw west of the Rhine River, and after the invasion of France (1814) he abdicated. He rallied a new army to return in the Hundred Days (1815), but a revived Quadruple Alliance opposed him. His final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo was caused by his inability to surprise and to prevent the two armies, led by Wellington and Gebhard von Blucher, from joining forces to defeat him. With his second abdication and exile, the era of the Napoleonic Wars ended.