黎塞留(1585～1642年)

Richelieu, cardinal et duc (Duke) de，原名Armand-Jean du Plessis。

法国政治家和路易十三世的主要大臣。出生於一个二流贵族家庭，1607年任命为牧师，成为吕松的主教。他是法国推行特伦托会议颁布的改革的第一个主教，给被宗教战争毁灭的主教教区带来了秩序。1614年他被选为三级会议教师的代表，作为调和力量而闻名。1616年成为玛丽.德.麦迪奇的顾问，後来成为她儿子路易十三世的议员。1622年被提名为红衣主教，从1624年起任职首席大臣，在法国政策中具有控制性影响力。他抑制胡格诺派教徒的政治权力，减小贵族的影响，在法国建立起皇权专制主义。在对外政策上，他试图削弱欧洲的哈普斯堡皇室的控制，加入到三十年战争中去。他狡猾而有才气，加强了波旁王室的权力，在法国建立起有秩序的政府。他还建立了法兰西学院并重建索邦学院。

English version：

1585～1642年

Richelieu, cardinal et duc (Duke) de

French statesman and chief minister to Louis XIII. Born to a minor noble family, he was ordained a priest in 1607 and became bishop of Lu?on. As the first bishop in France to implement reforms decreed by the Council of Trent, he brought order to a diocese ruined by the Wars of Religion. In 1614 he was elected a deputy of the clergy in the Estates General, where he was noted as a conciliatory force. He became an adviser to Marie de Médicis in 1616, and later councillor to her son, Louis XIII. Named a cardinal in 1622, he served as chief minister from 1624 and became the controlling influence in France's policies. He established royal absolutism in France by suppressing the political power of the Huguenots and reducing the influence of the nobles. In foreign policy, he sought to weaken Habsburg control of Europe and entered the Thirty Years' War. Devious and brilliant, he increased the power of the Bourbon dynasty and established orderly government in France. He also founded the Académie Fran?aise and rebuilt the Sorbonne.