赫尔德(1744～1803年)

Herder, Johann Gottfried von

德国评论家和哲学家。他受过神学和文学教育，原本在里加担任老师和牧师。後来在比克堡当宫廷牧师时，着有一些作品，如《形象性》（1778）、《论语言的起源》（1772），这使他成为文学上狂飙运动的领导人物。1770年他结识了歌德，後来曾与他共事多年，他们一起奠定了德国浪漫主义的基础。1776年他迁居歌德所住的威玛，在威玛时撰写的着作有《散论集》（1785～1797）以及未完成的《人类历史哲学大纲》（1784～1791），在书中试图证明自然和历史服从於一个统一的规律体系，象徵了他在历史哲学上的革新，也是早期的「以共同的文化而不是政治疆界来界定一个民族」的思想拥护者。晚期与歌德的关系渐行渐远，乃至对整个德国诗歌和哲学界的古典学派运动都极为仇视。

English version：

1744～1803年

Herder, Johann Gottfried von

German critic and philosopher. Trained in theology and literature, he initially worked as a teacher and preacher at Riga. As court preacher at Bückeburg, he produced works, including Plastik (1778) and Essay on the Origin of Language (1772), that made him the leading figure of the Sturm und Drang literary movement. In 1770 he met Johann W. von Goethe, who would be his associate for many years, and with whom he would help lay the groundwork for German Romanticism. He moved to Goethe's Weimar in 1776; his Zerstreute Bl?tter (1785-97; “Sporadic Papers”) and the unfinished Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man (1784-91), attempting to show that nature and history obey one system of laws, mark him as an innovator in the philosophy of history and an early proponent of the idea that a common culture, rather than political boundaries, defines a people. His later estrangement from Goethe resulted in a bitter enmity toward the whole classical movement in German poetry and philosophy.