齐克果(1813～1855年)

Kierkegaard, Søren (Aabye)

丹麦宗教哲学家和理性主义的批判者，被认为是存在主义哲学的创始人。年轻时在哥本哈根大学主修神学。他以对自成体系的理性哲学的批判驰名，攻击黑格尔企图将整个存在体系化，他宣称不可能建立一套存在的体系，因为存在是不完全的，它在不断地发展。在《总结非科学的後记》（1846）一书中，他主张「在最热情的献身精神中坚持客观的未定性就是真理，对存在着的人的最高真理」，亦即主观性为真理。他采取这一立场的目的是为充分研究信仰和宗教（特指基督教）而扫除障碍。其最有名的着作包括《非此即彼》（1843）、《恐惧和战栗》（1843）和《对死的厌倦》（1849）。晚年他坚决彻底地攻击有组织的教会，因而耗尽了心力，死时年仅四十二岁。直到20世纪人们才感受到齐克果的强大影响力，他对巴特、雅斯培、海德格和布伯等思想家影响很大。

English version：

1813～1855年

Kierkegaard, Søren (Aabye)

Danish religious philosopher, regarded as the founder of existentialism. He studied theology at the University of Copenhagen. He is famous for his critique of systematic rational philosophy. He attacked G. W. F. Hegel's attempt to systematize the whole of existence, declaring that a system of existence cannot be constructed, since existence is incomplete and constantly developing. In Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), he proposed that “the objective uncertainty maintained in the most passionate spirit of dedication is truth, the highest truth for one existing”—that is, that subjectivity is truth. With this stance, he intended to clear the ground for an adequate consideration of faith and religion, specifically Christianity. His most famous works include Either/Or (1843), Fear and Trembling (1843), and The Sickness unto Death (1849). He insistently attacked the organized church in his later years; exhausted by the strain, he died at 42. His greatest influence was felt in the 20th century, on such thinkers as Karl Barth, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, and Martin Buber.