写实主义(realism)

视觉艺术中强调精细地、忠实地对自然和现实生活加以记录的美学观点。写实主义摒弃形象的理想化，推崇对外部表像的仔细观察。它是法国1850和1880年间的艺术主导形式。1730年代早期，巴比松画派的画家在他们对临近乡村风景的忠实再现中提出了写实主义。库尔贝是第一位宣扬和采用写实主义手法的艺术家；他的《奥南的葬礼》和《石工》（1849）以其对农民和劳动者的真实记录而震惊了公众和评论家。在杜米埃的讽刺画像中，他使用了强有力的线条和大胆的细节来批评他在法国社会中看到的不道德行为。写实主义在美国主要出现在荷马和伊肯斯的作品中。20世纪与新客观派一起的德国画家用写实主义风格来表达他们对第一次世界大战後社会的幻灭。被称为社会写实主义的大萧条时期运动采用了接近於写实主义的手法来表现美国社会。亦请参阅naturalism。

English version：

realism

In the visual arts, an aesthetic that promotes accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favor of close observation of outward appearances. It was a dominant current in French art between 1850 and 1880. In the early 1830s, the painters of the Barbizon school espoused realism in their faithful reproduction of the landscape near their village. Gustave Courbet was the first artist to proclaim and practice the realist aesthetic; his Burial at Ornans and The Stone Breakers (1849) shocked the public and critics with their frank depiction of peasants and laborers. In his satirical caricatures, Honore Daumier used an energetic linear style and bold detail to criticize the immorality he saw in French society. Realism emerged in the U.S. in the work of Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins. In the 20th century, German artists associated with the Neue Sachlichkeit worked in a realist style to express their disillusionment after World War I. The Depression-era movement known as Social Realism adopted a similarly harsh realism to depict the injustices of U.S. society. See also naturalism.