威克利夫(1330年～1384年)

Wycliffe, John

英格兰神学家、哲学家、宗教改革者。1372年获神学博士学位。爱德华曾派他赴布鲁日与教宗代表就英格兰与教廷双方在教廷赋税和神职任免权等重大问题上的分歧进行商谈。他批评宗教政策，认为教会既然有罪就应当放弃财产而恢复安贫乐道的本来状况，剥夺教会资产应由国家特别是国王执行。他的论点受到广泛注意，为此，教宗在1377年要求逮捕他。1379年他开始有系统的批判罗马天主教，他主要抨击变体论即认为圣餐礼上所用的饼和酒果真变为耶稣的肉和血的教义。1380年参与《圣经》英译的工作，并筹组「穷修道」修会，以便将《圣经》的真理传布到民众中去。他的追随者称之为罗拉德派。教会高层将农民起义（1381）归咎於他的煽动；他的着作全部被禁。他的着作後来激励了宗教改革运动的领袖，最着名的是马丁.路德。

English version：

1330年～1384年

Wycliffe, John

British theologian, philosopher, and church reformer. He earned a doctor-of-divinity degree from Oxford in 1372. Named by Edward III to a deputation to discuss English differences with the papacy, he represented the government in its attempts to limit the church's power in England. His preaching against church policies, in which he argued that the church itself was sinful and should relinquish its possessions and return to evangelical poverty, attracted wide attention, and in 1377 the pope called for his arrest. In 1379 he began systematically attacking the foundations of Roman Catholicism, notably by repudiating the doctrine of transubstantiation and by denying that the church hierarchy represented a line of authoritative succession from Jesus. In 1380 he became involved in a translation of the Bible into English, seeking to bypass the church in making the law of God accessible to all literate people. His followers were known as Lollards. He was blamed by his ecclesiastical superiors for inciting the Peasants' Revolt (1381); many of his works were subsequently banned. His writings later inspired the leaders of the Reformation, most notably Martin Luther.