李(1807～1870年)

Lee, Robert E(dward)

美国内战时期美利坚邦联南军军事领袖。父为亨利.李。毕业於西点军校，先在工兵部队服役，墨西哥战争中为司各脱的部下。1855年转为骑兵，1856～1857年间指挥德州边境部队。1859年他领导美国军队镇压布朗在哈珀斯费里的暴动。1861年他受命指挥军队迫使已脱离的南方各州返回联邦。尽管他反对脱离联邦，但还是拒绝这项任命。当他的家乡维吉尼亚州也脱离联邦以後，他成为美国内战中维吉尼亚军队的司令，并任戴维斯的顾问。约翰斯顿受伤後，李受命指挥北维吉尼亚军队（1862），在七天战役中击退了联邦军。在布尔渊战役、弗雷德里克斯堡战役和钱瑟勒斯维尔战役等地都打了胜仗。他试图透过入侵北方来使联邦军撤出维吉尼亚，但在安提坦战役和盖茨堡战役尝到败绩。1864～1865年间他以防御战对抗格兰特领导的联邦军，造成惨重伤亡。在彼得斯堡和里奇蒙修建的防御工事後面李停止了撤退（参阅Petersburg Campaign）。到1865年4月，兵力和物资补给越来越少，迫使当时已是南军总司令的李终於在阿波麦托克斯县府投降。他仍然是南方的英雄，并接受了华盛顿学院（後来称华盛顿和李大学）校长之职。

English version：

1807～1870年

Lee, Robert E(dward)

U.S. and Confederate military leader. Born in Stratford, Va., the son of Henry Lee, he graduated from West Point, then served in the engineering corps and in the Mexican War under Winfield Scott. He transferred to the cavalry in 1855 and commanded frontier forces in Texas 1856-57. In 1859 he led U.S. troops to suppress John Brown's insurgents at Harpers Ferry. In 1861 he was offered command of U.S. troops to force the seceded Southern states back into the Union. Though opposed to secession, he refused. After his home state of Virginia seceded, he became commander of Virginia's forces in the American Civil War and adviser to Jefferson Davis. After Joseph Johnston was wounded, Lee was given command of the Army of Northern Virginia (1862) and repulsed the Union forces in the Seven Days' Battles. He won victories at Bull Run, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. His attempts to draw Union forces out of Virginia by invading the North resulted in failures at Antietam and Gettysburg. In 1864-65 he conducted defensive campaigns against Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant that caused heavy casualties. Lee ended his retreat behind the fortifications built at Petersburg and Richmond (see Petersburg Campaign). By April 1865 dwindling forces and supplies forced Lee, now general of all Confederate armies, to surrender at Appomattox. He remained a hero to the South, and accepted the post of president of Washington College (later Washington and Lee Univ.), where he served until his death.

参考文章

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