金星
2023-02-02
更新时间:2023-02-02 18:33:40作者:百科
德弗札克(1841~1904年)
Dvo?ák, Antonín (Leopold)
第一位得到世界认同的波希米亚作曲家,弘扬了由史麦塔纳(B. Smetana)奠下基础的捷克音乐民族主义运动。少年时代已是一位技巧娴熟的小提琴家,1857年他父亲把他送到布拉格一所管风琴学校就读,後在多家小酒馆和剧院乐队拉中提琴。1873年几场成功的作品音乐会使他在布拉格声誉鹊起,1875年获奥地利政府国家奖金。这次获奖使他与布拉姆斯结为亲密无间的朋友,布拉姆斯不但在技术上给了他宝贵的忠告,而且帮他找到一位具影响力的出版商,出版了《摩拉维亚二重唱》(1876)和钢琴二重奏《斯拉夫舞曲》(1878),使德弗札克以及他祖国的音乐第一次赢得全世界的注意。他曾十次访问英国,在英国的成功成了他永远自豪的源泉。1890年柴可夫斯基为他安排两场音乐会,使他得以在莫斯科亲尝成功的滋味。1892年应纽约新成立的国立音乐学院之请担任院长之职。德弗札克之所以受人喜爱,在於他出类拔萃的旋律天才及其音乐清新可爱的捷克特色,这些音乐和当时较为滞重的作品形成鲜明的对比。他的娴熟技巧和丰富和谐的灵感,帮助他创作出大量且多姿多彩的作品。他的九首交响曲都是成熟且高质量的作品,其中《E小调第九交响曲︰新世界》(1893)是他最着名的作品;虽然人们认为它是在黑人灵歌基础上并受到寓居美国期间的其他影响而写成,却带有典型的波希米亚风格。他的四首协奏曲中,只有《B小调大提琴协奏曲》(1895)可以称为经典之作。他的室内乐作品有时虽失之过於紧张,但也都是上乘之作。合唱曲《圣母悼歌》(1877)和《感恩赞》(1892),是同类作品中的佼佼者。歌剧也有十三部之多,却始终是德弗札克的才华无法驾驭的唯一体裁,其中以《水泽仙女》(1900)一剧最引人瞩目。德弗札克的主要缺点是喜欢东拉西扯,翻来覆去,间或趣味不够高雅,大型作品构思不够严密。但是,同他无比丰富的旋律和为达目的而采用的单纯质朴手法相比,这类缺点实在无伤大雅。
English version:
1841~1904年
Dvo?ák, Antonín (Leopold)
Bohemian (Czech) composer. Son of a rural innkeeper and butcher, he was permitted to attend organ school in Prague in 1857. He played viola in a theater orchestra, often under B. Smetana, and eventually found employment that left him ample time for composition. J. Brahms assisted in getting his works published, and by 1880 his fame had spread throughout Europe. He made 10 visits to England, and served as director of New York's new National Conservatory of Music 1892-95, which resulted in his “New World” Symphony (1893). His music, which frequently draws on folk tunes, is seen as an expression of Czech nationalism. Highly prolific, he is primarily known for his orchestral and chamber works; his works include nine symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, and cello, two serenades, several tone poems, 14 string quartets, two piano quartets, and two piano quintets. His many piano works include the four-hand Slavonic Dances (1878, 1886). His sacred music includes a Stabat Mater (1877), a Requiem (1890), and a Te Deum (1892). Of his 13 operas, only Rusalka (1900) is still performed.