吉他(guitar)

拨奏的弦乐器。通常具有六根弦、弦马状的指板、腰身明显的音箱。吉他可能源於16世纪早期的西班牙。到1800年已有六根单弦，而19世纪的革新使之具有现代形式。现代的古典吉他技巧要大大归功於塔雷加（1852～1909），而赛哥维亚使这种乐器登上大雅之堂。然而，吉他一直主要是业余人士的乐器，在许多国家也是重要的民俗乐器。十二弦吉他装着六组双弦。夏威夷吉他或钢弦吉他为横式，由金属板压住钢弦，产生一种甜美的滑奏音色。电吉他代表着一种重大的发展。1920年代这种扩音吉他加上了电音板，而很快制造出扩音电吉他。1940年代保罗（L. Paul）发明了没有音箱的实体吉他，仅藉着弦的震动来传音。有了持续长久的乐音、强力扩音的倾向、产生呐喊式旋律的能力、粗犷的敲击节奏，它很快成为西方流行音乐的主要乐器。

English version：

guitar

Plucked stringed instrument. It normally has six strings, a fretted fingerboard, and a soundbox with a pronounced waist. It probably originated in Spain in the early 16th century. By 1800 it was being strung with six single strings; 19th-century innovations gave it its modern form. Modern classical-guitar technique owes much to Francisco Tárrega (1852-1909), and A. Segovia gave the instrument prominence in the concert hall. However, it has always been primarily an amateur's instrument, and it remains an important folk instrument in many countries. The 12-string guitar is strung in six double courses. The Hawaiian or steel guitar is held horizontally and the strings are stopped by the pressure of a metal bar, producing a sweet glissando tone. The electric guitar represented a major development. Electric pickups were attached to the acoustic guitar in the 1920s, and electroacoustic guitars were soon being produced. In the 1940s Les Paul invented the solid-body guitar; lacking a soundbox, it transmits only the string vibrations. With its long-sustained notes, affinity for strong amplification, and capacity for producing wailing melodic lines as well as harshly percussive rhythms, it soon became the principal instrument of Western popular music.

参考文章

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