克利夫兰(1837～1908年)

Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover

美国第二十二任（1885～1889）和第二十四任（1893～1897）总统。原在一家律师事务所当办事员，学习法律。1859年执律师业，参加民主党政治活动。1881年任水牛城市长，1882年任纽约州长，1884年被提名为总统候选人，经过苦战就任总统。是1856年以来第一次上台的民主党总统，他坚决推行文官制度，反对实行保护关税，这一主张成为1888年总统大选的争论焦点，他因此以些微差距败给共和党的哈利生。1892年卷土重来，再次当选总统，时值美国闹金融大恐慌，他坚决主张废除造成国库枯竭的「1890年雪曼收购白银法」，为使政府掌握黄金而三次发行公债。1894年因经济不安而发生普尔曼罢工事件。他派兵镇压，此举虽得到资产阶级的赞扬，却失去了广大劳动群众的支持。在对外政策方面，他是孤立主义者，反对美国进行领土扩张。1895年英属圭亚那与委内瑞拉之间发生边界纠纷时，在群众和国会的压力下，他才援用门罗主义，要求实行仲裁。到了1896年支持自由铸造银币运动的人控制了民主党，他们提名布莱安竞选总统。克利夫兰在卸任总统职位後退居新泽西州，任普林斯顿大学讲师和董事。

English version：

1837～1908年

Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover

22nd and 24th president of the U.S. (1885-89, 1893-97). Born in Caldwell, N.J., he practiced law in Buffalo, N.Y., from 1859, where he entered Democratic Party politics. As mayor of Buffalo (1881-82), he was known as a foe of corruption. As governor of New York (1883-85), he earned the hostility of Tammany Hall with his independence, but in 1884 he won the Democratic nomination for president. The first Democratic president since 1856, he supported civil-service reform and opposed high protective tariffs, which became an issue in the 1888 election, when he was narrowly defeated by Benjamin Harrison. In 1892 he was reelected by a huge popular plurality. In 1893 he attributed the U.S.'s severe economic depression to the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 and strongly urged Congress to repeal the act. The economic unrest resulted in the Pullman Strike in 1894. An isolationist, he opposed territorial expansion. In 1895 he invoked the Monroe Doctrine in the border dispute between Britain and Venezuela. By 1896 supporters of the Free Silver Movement controlled the Democratic Party, which nominated William Jennings Bryan instead of Cleveland for president. He retired to New Jersey, where he lectured at Princeton Univ.