腓特烈一世(1123年～1190年)

Frederick I

别名红胡子腓特烈（Frederick Barbarossa）。

士瓦本公爵（1147～1190）、德意志国王和神圣罗马帝国皇帝（1152～1190）。他向教宗的权威挑战，力图支配欧洲君主国。1153年他迫使教宗尤金三世签订「康士坦茨条约」。1154年腓特烈发动对义大利北部的六次战役中的第一次战役，1158年发动第二次战役并征服了米兰。他支持敌对教宗对抗亚历山大三世，1160年被亚历山大三世革出教门。1174年腓特烈进行第五次义大利战役，败於伦巴底人。根据1177年「威尼斯和约」，腓特烈承认亚历山大三世为真正的教宗。1183年与伦巴底签订和约。1180年征服了吕贝克，并通过诸侯会议废黜了狮子亨利。他企图控制诸侯越来越大的势力，并在诸侯的地区之间建设自己的帝国领地。1189年他号召进行第三次十字军东征，在土耳其渡河时溺死。

English version：

1123年～1190年

Frederick I

known asFrederick Barbarossa(“Redbeard”)Duke of Swabia (1147-90) and German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1152-90). He signed the Treaty of Constance (1153), which promised him the imperial crown in return for his allegiance to the papacy. In 1154 he launched the first of six military campaigns against northern Italy, and on his second campaign in 1158 he conquered Milan. His support for a rival pope against Alexander III led to his excommunication in 1160. Renewed expeditions against Italy met with opposition from the Lombard League. In the Peace of Venice (1177) he acknowledged Alexander III as the true pope, and a treaty with the Lombards was confirmed in 1183. Frederick conquered Lübeck in 1180 and broke the power of his chief rival, Duke Henry the Lion. He strengthened the feudal system and curbed the power of the princes by creating a stronger imperial administration. He launched the Third Crusade in 1189 but drowned while crossing a river in Turkey.