中东音乐(Middle Eastern music)

阿拉伯、土耳其与波斯的穆斯林世界的音乐。尽管涉及三种主要的语言及其相关的文化差异，这种音乐仍可视为一个单一伟大的传统，因为它们拥有一致的伊斯兰成份。伊斯兰在历史上视音乐为疑难，这导致相对少数的宗教仪式音乐，但并未抑制世俗音乐，甚至反而以一股强烈的宗教张力，丰富了世俗音乐的内涵。只有部分教派，如苏菲主义（Sufism）在崇拜中采用音乐（和舞蹈）；清真寺中的音乐一般限制在召唤祈祷，以及咏唱可兰经。在中东，民间音乐和与艺术音乐之间的区别不若其他地方明显，因为民间音乐，就像艺术音乐一样，长久以来都是专业人士（包括许多女性）的领域，而艺术音乐仅只是民间音乐基本成份精致化的呈现而已。两者都以单人表演为特色，或着独自一人，或由小乐团伴奏。两者在节奏上的处理也颇为相似，都与韵律学（prosody）的原则紧密关联，而且都包含富有特色的无韵即兴创作。民间音乐与艺术音乐中的模式（maqam）也相同；如何运用这些模式，与印度音乐中的拉格（raga）有部分相似之处。在形式上，主要的原则是原曲的部分与即兴创作的部分交替轮流，原曲的部分伴随着打击乐器敲打着诸多传统模组中的一个。在原曲部分，与旋律乐器一同合奏的是独奏的乐句（line），在即兴创作的部分则与之共鸣，并落後一或两个拍子。特别是在1950年以後，受西方影响的商业化流行音乐的崛起，影响了中东的艺术音乐；在比较小型的作品中，中东的艺术音乐如今使用较少的即兴创作，更多的是各部分间精准的齐唱和合奏。中东音乐一直是世界各地乐器的重要来源，包括风笛、吉他、鲁特琴、双簧管（oboe）、铃鼓（tambourine）、古提琴（viols）和齐特琴（zithers）。

English version：

Middle Eastern music

Music of the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian Muslim world. Despite three major languages and associated cultural differences, the music can be seen as a single great tradition because of the unifying element of Islam. The fact that Islam has historically found music problematic has resulted in relatively little religious ceremonial music, but has not held back secular music, and has even enriched it with a strong religious strain. Only certain sects, such as Sufism, have used music (and dance) for worship, music in the mosque having generally been limited to the call to prayer and the chanting of the Quran. Folk music and art music differ less in the Middle East than elsewhere, because folk music, like art music, has long been the province of professionals (including many women), and art music has represented merely the refinement of basic folk elements. Both tend to feature soloists, either alone or accompanied by a small group. Rhythmic treatment is similar, being closely related to principles of prosody, and both include characteristic nonmetric improvisations. The modes (maqam) are the same in both folk and art music, and how they are used bears some resemblance to the raga in Indian music. The main formal principle is an alternation of composed and improvised sections, the composed portions being accompanied by percussion beating one of a number of traditional patterns. Accompanying melodic instruments play in unison with the solo line during the composed parts, and echo it one or two beats behind in the improvised parts. Especially after 1950, the rise of Western-influenced commercial popular music affected Middle Eastern art music, which now employs less improvisation and more strict unison between parts, in shorter pieces. The Middle East has been an important source of musical instruments for other parts of the world, including bagpipes, guitar, lute, oboe, tambourine, viols, and zithers.