奥地利(Austria)

正式名称奥地利共和国（Republic of Austria）

欧洲中南部的内陆国。面积83,856平方公里。人口约8,069,000（2001）。首都︰维也纳。语言︰德语（官方语）。宗教：天主教（75%）。货币︰欧元。奥地利被分成三个地区︰西部的阿尔卑斯山区，占全国2/3的领土，包括全国最高点大格洛克纳山。波希米亚森林为一高地地区，往北延伸进捷克境内。低地区，包括东部的维也纳盆地，主要是农业地带。多瑙河及其支流几乎流贯整个奥地利。该国已发展出一种混合自由市场和国营的经济模式，以制造业和商业为主，旅游业也很重要。政府形式是共和国，两院制。总统是国家元首，总理是政府首脑。最大的文化资产一直是在音乐方面（参阅Haydn, Joseph、Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus、Schubert, Franz (Peter)、Berg, Alban、Webern, Anton (Friedrich Ernst) von）。在其他领域上的大人物包括考考斯卡、弗洛伊德、维根斯坦。

大约三千年前奥地利就有人定居，伊利里亚人可能是当时的主要居民。西元前400年前後塞尔特人入侵，建立了诺里库姆。西元前200年以後罗马人到此，并建立雷蒂亚、诺里库姆和潘诺尼亚诸省；随後，该地区就繁荣起来，人口以罗马人为主。西元5世纪，随着罗马的衰落，许多部落入侵，其中包括斯拉夫人；最终他们都屈服於查理曼，日耳曼人成为该地区主要民族。976年巴奔堡王室的利奥波德一世任总督时，将奥地利变成政治实体。1278年哈布斯堡王朝（Habsburg Dynasty）的鲁道夫四世（後来神圣罗马帝国的鲁道夫一世）征服了这一地区；哈布斯堡的统治一直延续到1918年。哈布斯堡王室掌权时，创立了以奥地利、波希米亚和匈牙利为中心的王国。拿破仑战争结束了神圣罗马帝国（1806），创立了奥地利帝国。梅特涅伯爵试图保证奥地利在德意志各国中享有霸权，但与普鲁士的战争使奥地利帝国分成奥匈帝国。民族主义的情绪折磨着这个王国，1914年一个塞尔维亚民族主义者刺杀了斐迪南，从而触发了第一次世界大战，战争破坏了奥地利帝国。战後奥匈帝国解体，奥地利成为独立的共和国。1938年被纳粹兼并（参阅Anschluss），第二次世界大战中加入了轴心国。同盟军占领十年後，1955年恢复奥地利共和国。1995年奥地利成为欧洲联盟的正式成员。

English version：

Austria

officiallyRepublic of AustriaNation, southern central Europe. Area: 32,375 sq mi (83,851 sq km). Population (2001 est.): 8,117,770. Capital: Vienna. Language: German (official). Religion: Roman Catholicism (75%). Monetary unit: euro. Austria can be divided into three regions. The alpine region in the west covers about two-thirds of the country, and includes its highest point, the Grossglockner. The Bohemian Forest is a highland region that extends north into the Czech Republic. The lowland region, including the Vienna Basin, lies in the east; it supports mainly agricultural activities. The Danube River and its tributaries drain nearly the entire country. Austria has a developed mixed free-market and government-operated economy based on manufacture and commerce; tourism is also important. It is a republic with two legislative houses. Austria's chief of state is the president and its head of government is the chancellor. Its greatest cultural contribution has been in music (see Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Alban Berg, Anton Webern). Major cultural figures in other fields include Oskar Kokoschka, Sigmund Freud, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Settlement in Austria goes back some 3,000 years, when Illyrians were probably the main inhabitants. The Celts invaded c. 400 BC and established Noricum. The Romans arrived after 200 BC and established the provinces of Raetia, Noricum, and Pannonia; prosperity followed and the population became Romanized. With the fall of Rome in the 5th century AD, many tribes invaded, including the Slavs; they were eventually subdued by Charlemagne, and the area became ethnically Germanic. The distinct political entity that would become Austria emerged in 976 with Leopold I of Babenberg as margrave. In 1278, Rudolf IV of Habsburg (later Rudolf I of the Holy Roman Empire) conquered the area; Habsburg rule lasted until 1918. While in power, the Habsburgs created a kingdom centered on Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. The Napoleonic Wars brought about the end of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) and the creation of the Austrian empire. Count von Metternich tried to assure Austrian supremacy among Germanic states, but war with Prussia led Austria to divide the empire into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Nationalist sentiment plagued the kingdom, and the assassination of Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 triggered World War I, which destroyed the Austrian empire. In the postwar carving up of Austria-Hungary, Austria became an independent republic. It was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 (see Anschluss) and joined the Axis powers in World War II. The republic was restored in 1955 after 10 years of Allied occupation. Austria became a full member of the European Union in 1995.

参考文章

• 奥地利申布伦宫殿和花园建筑与名胜
• 奥地利共和国的历史沿革专项地理
• 奥地利出生的体育名人生活知识
• 什么是奥地利国家条约世界史
• 奥地利出生的名人生活知识
• 奥地利出生的影视明星生活知识
• 奥地利出生的名人伟人生活知识