亨利四世(1050～1106年)

Henry IV

德语作Heinrich

巴伐利亚公爵（1055～1061），德意志国王（1054～1061）和神圣罗马帝国皇帝（1084～1105/1106）。六岁继承王位，由脱离世俗的母后摄政到1062年。1065年才开始掌控了政府。他重申王权的主张引起了萨克森人的反叛（1073～1075）。曾与教宗圣格列高利七世就主教叙任权问题进行长期的斗争（参阅Investiture Controversy）。格列高利後来开除亨利的教籍，解除臣民对国王的效忠誓约。亨利为求解决问题，被迫在冬天翻越阿尔卑斯山，并根据传统在卡诺萨堡前赤足站在雪地中三天，向格列高利七世赔罪，因而得以重新取得教籍。但德意志诸侯在1077年废黜亨利，推举鲁道夫为国王。1080年格列高利再次开除亨利教籍，承认鲁道夫为国王，亨利因此愤而征服罗马（1084），立了一个新的教宗。晚年，他的儿子康拉德和亨利（五世）相继叛乱。

English version：

1050～1106年

Henry IV

Duke of Bavaria (1055-61), German king (1054-1106), and Holy Roman emperor (1084-1105/6). He inherited the German throne at age 6; his unworldly mother was regent until 1062, and Henry gained control of the government in 1065. His reassertion of royal rights provoked rebellion in Saxony (1073-75). He engaged in a long struggle with Pope Gregory VII on the issue of lay investiture (see Investiture Controversy). Gregory excommunicated him and absolved his subjects of their oaths of loyalty. Seeking absolution, Henry was forced to cross the Alps in winter and, according to tradition, stand barefoot in the snow three days before the castle at Canossa where the pope was staying before the latter would rescind his order. The German princes deserted Henry (1077) and elected Rudolf I as king. In 1080 Gregory excommunicated Henry again and recognized Rudolf, and Henry responded by conquering Rome (1084) and installing a new pope. In his last years his sons Conrad and Henry led rebellions against his rule.