托莱多(Toledo)

古称Toletum

西班牙中南部卡斯提尔-拉曼查自治区城市，濒临太加斯河。西元前193年，托莱多被罗马人所征服，之前该城是强大的伊比利亚部落卡本蒂尼的要塞。西元6世纪，成为西哥德人（Visigoth）在西班牙建立的首府。712～1085年，被摩尔人所统治，发展为希伯来和阿拉伯文化中心，并以铸剑业而闻名。1085年，阿方索六世将该城收复，并定为新卡斯提尔的首府，1230年，该城成为卡斯提尔-莱昂联合王国的首府。11～15世纪期间，托莱多城因对犹太人和阿拉伯人实施宗教宽容政策而着名。1560年，腓力二世迁都马德里後，托莱多开始衰败。半岛战争（1808～1814）期间，托莱多又被法国占领。西班牙内战中，民族主义军队（1936）围攻了该城。众所周知，托莱多拥有许多着名的建筑，其整个城区已被列如国家文物保护单位。此外，托莱多还是葛雷柯（El Greco）的家乡。人口60,000（1991）。

English version：

Toledo

City (pop., 1991: 60,000), capital of Castilla-La Mancha autonomous community, southern central Spain, on the Tagus River. It was the stronghold of the Carpentini, a powerful Iberian tribe, when it was conquered by Rome in 193 BC. In the 6th century AD it became the Visigoths' capital in Spain. Under the Moors (712-1085), it became a center of Hebrew and Arabic culture, and was noted for the manufacture of swords. Taken by Alfonso VI in 1085, it became the capital of New Castile and, in 1230, of the united kingdoms of Castilla y León. It was noted for its policy of religious tolerance toward Jews and Arabs during the 11th-15th century. It lost importance after Philip II moved the capital to Madrid in 1560. The French occupied it during the Peninsular War (1808-14), and Nationalist forces besieged it (1936) in the Spanish Civil War. Known for its great wealth of notable architecture, the entire urban area is a national monument. It was the home of El Greco.

参考文章

• 历史名城托莱多建筑与名胜