日俄战争(1904～1905年)

Russo-Japanese War

俄国和日本在东亚进行领土扩张的冲突。俄国租借了在战略上十分重要的阿瑟港（现在是中国的旅顺）後，扩张进满州，面临着日本逐渐强大的力量。当俄国反悔和日本的从满洲撤军的和约时，日本舰队在阿瑟港袭击了俄国海军中队，在1904年2月开始对城市进行袭击。日本陆军切断俄军路线，使其不能前来支援阿瑟港，将其推回到奉天（现在的渖阳）。加强後的俄军在10月发动进攻，但糟糕的军事指挥阻碍了它的作用。在日本对阿瑟港长期袭击後，1905年1月混乱的俄国将领没有谘询他的官员就率部队投降，虽然其在持续防卫上仍有充足的储备和军火。1905年3月在奉天进行了激战，俄国军队在库罗帕特金领导下撤出。决定性的对马海峡之战使日本占有优势，迫使俄国回到谈判桌上。「朴次茅斯和约」签订後，俄国放弃了在东亚的扩张政策，日本获得对朝鲜和满洲的大部分有效控制权。

English version：

1904～1905年

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict between Russia and Japan over territorial expansion in East Asia. After Russia leased the strategically important Port Arthur (now Lüshun, China) and expanded into Manchuria, it faced the increasing power of Japan. When Russia reneged on its agreement with Japan to withdraw troops from Manchuria, the Japanese fleet attacked the Russia naval squadron at Port Arthur and began a siege of the city in February 1904. Japanese land forces cut the Russian army off from coming to aid Port Arthur and pushed it back to Mukden (now Shenyang). The reinforced Russian army took the offensive in October, but poor military leadership blunted its effectiveness. After the long Japanese siege of Port Arthur, in January 1905 the corrupt Russian commander surrendered the garrison without consulting his officers, despite adequate stores and ammunition for its continued defense. Heavy fighting around Mukden ended in March 1905 with the withdrawal of Russian troops under Aleksey Kuropatkin. The decisive naval Battle of Tsushima gave the Japanese the upper hand and brought Russia to the peace table. With the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia abandoned its expansionist policy in eastern Asia and Japan gained effective control of Korea and much of Manchuria.