哈萨克(Kazakhstan)

正式名称哈萨克共和国（Republic of Kazakhstan）

亚洲中西部国家。面积2,717,300平方公里。人口约14,868,000（2001）。首都︰阿斯塔纳。人民以操土耳其语的原始住民哈萨克人为主，约占总人口的1/2；其他还有同数的俄罗斯人和少数德国人、乌克兰人住在那里。语言︰哈萨克语（官方语）和俄语。宗教︰伊斯兰教（逊尼派）。货币︰邓吉（T）。哈萨克的地势从西部和中部的草原及沙漠，逐渐向东南部沿着塔吉克和中国边界的高山升高。最高点是汗腾格里峰，海拔6,995公尺。为密集农业形式，但大部分地区都用来畜牧，绵羊和山羊是主要牲畜。制造业包括铸铁和轧制钢；采矿和钻油亦很重要。政府形式为共和国，两院制。国家元首暨政府首脑是总统，由总理辅佐。

哈萨克的国名得自其早期的住民哈萨克人，13世纪是受蒙古人统治。哈萨克人在15～16世纪建立了一游牧帝国。19世纪中期起受俄国的统治，後成为苏联在1920年成立的吉尔吉斯自治共和国的一部分，1925年更名为哈萨克自治共和国。1991年苏联瓦解後独立，在1990年代努力稳定其经济。

English version：

Kazakhstan

Country, western central Asia. Area: 1,052,100 sq mi (2,724,900 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 16,554,000. Capital: Astana. Kazakhs, a Turkic-speaking people, the original inhabitants, are less than one-half the population; an equal number of Russians live there with small minorities of Germans and Ukrainians. Language: Kazakh (official), Russian. Religion: Islam (Sunnite). Currency: tenge. From the steppe and desert lands of western and central Kazakhstan, the country rises to high mountains in the southeast along the border with Kyrgyzstan and China. Its highest point is Mount Khan-Tengri, at 22,949 ft (6,995 m) high. It is intensively agriculturally developed, but much of the country's land area is used for pasture, with sheep and goats as the main livestock. Manufacturing includes cast iron and rolled steel; mining and oil drilling are also important. It is a republic with a parliament consisting of two chambers; its head of state and government is the president, assisted by the prime minister. Named for its earliest inhabitants, the Kazakhs, the area came under Mongol rule in the 13th century. The Kazakhs consolidated a nomadic empire in the 15th-16th century. Under Russian rule by the mid-19th century, it became part of the Kirgiz Autonomous Republic formed by the Soviets in 1920, and in 1925 its name was changed to the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Kazakhstan obtained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, and during the 1990s was attempting to stabilize its economy.

参考文章

• 哈萨克牛牛
• 萨雅克北哈萨克斯坦草原与群湖建筑与名胜
• 新疆维吾尔自治区哈密市巴里坤哈萨克自治县的历史沿革专项地理
• 哈萨克斯坦共和国的历史沿革专项地理
• 哈萨克斯坦阿斯塔纳的历史沿革专项地理
• 阿克塞哈萨克族自治县(Aksay Kazakzu Zizhixian)的由来中国地理
• 巴里坤哈萨克自治县(Barkol Kazak Zizhixian)的由来中国地理
• 木垒哈萨克自治县(Mori Kazak Zizhixian)的由来中国地理
• 木垒哈萨克自治县的历史沿革专项地理
• 哈萨克斯坦亚洲部分东南部阿拉木图的历史沿革专项地理