屠格涅夫(1818～1883年)

Turgenev, Ivan (Sergeyevich)

俄国小说家、诗人和剧作家。在柏林大学读书时就认识到西方的优越性和俄国进行现代化的必要性。约1862年後居住在欧洲。其作品以对俄国农民的写实和充满感情的刻画，以及对试图将国家推进到一个新时代的俄国知识分子的敏锐观察而着名。其最着名的作品包括《多余人日记》（1850），对19世纪俄国文学界意志薄弱的一般知识阶级冠以「多余的人」的称呼。他因短篇小说连环《猎人日记》（1852）博得名声，批判了农奴制。其戏剧代表作是《村居一月》，小说《罗亭》（1856）随後出版。他对改变和两代人之间的差距的兴趣反映在《前夜》（1860）和富有争议性的《父与子》（1862）。他最伟大的小说《烟》（1867）对学术界的左翼和右翼都进行了批判和嘲笑。後来的《草原上的李尔王》（1870）和《春潮》（1872）将流畅的回忆同半幻想性相结合，而《处女地》（1877）则集中描写民粹派人士希望在农民中间播下革命的种子。

English version：

1818～1883年

Turgenev, Ivan (Sergeyevich)

Russian novelist, poet, and playwright. His years at the University of Berlin convinced him of the West's superiority and the need for Russia to Westernize. He lived in Europe after c. 1862. He is known for realistic, affectionate portrayals of the Russian peasantry and for penetrating studies of the Russian intelligentsia who were attempting to move the country into a new age. His most famous early work is “The Diary of a Superfluous Man” (1850), which supplied the epithet “superfluous man” for the weak-willed intellectual common in 19th-century Russian literature. He gained fame with the short-story cycle A Sportman's Sketches (1852), which criticizes serfdom. His dramatic masterpiece, A Month in the Country (1855), and the novel Rudin (1856) followed. His interest in change and intergenerational differences is reflected in On the Eve (1860) and the controversial Fathers and Sons (1862), his greatest novel. Smoke (1867) caricatures both the left and right wings of the intelligentsia. The late A Lear of the Steppes (1870) and Torrents of Spring (1872) combine eloquent nostalgia with quasi-fantasy, while Virgin Soil (1877) focuses on populists who hope to sow revolution among the peasantry.